Disability in human life is a jeopardizing condition .It is defined as a limitation in performing a normal activity (e.g. walking, driving etc.). Physical disabilities may cause difficulty with dexterity , movement , hearing and vision ( Rokach,et. al.,2006 ). When it comes to human being along with their respective lives, disablement is a problematic and perilous situation which is unimaginable. Disablement among men is elaborated as a demerit in which one cannot conduct or work normal routine works and live an ordinary and usual lifestyle that covers ability to walk, swim or drive and so on. As per general concept, disablement is looked down upon only as physically handicapped condition, and it's untrue. It has different dimensions and physically handicapped condition is one of the kinds. A person who's physically disabled depicts restrictions on few works and encountering issues with walking or any other moving activity, watching, listening etc.
As per census of India,2011 report - there are 26,810,557 people affected with certain form of disability (Table-1.1, Figure-1.1a, Figure-1.1b, Table-1.2, Figure-1.2a, Figure-1.2b).
Figure -1.1a
Figure -1.1b
Figure -1.2a
Figure -1.2b
As per census of India (2011), In India out of the 121 Cr population, 2.68 Cr persons are ‘disabled’ which is 2.21% of the total population. Among eight types of disabilities, movement disability has found to be 20 percent whereas the report of other disabilities are as follows- seeing: 19 percent, hearing: 19 percent, speech: 7 percent, mental retardation: 6 percent, mental illness: 3 percent, multiple disability: 8 percent any other: 18 percent, (Table-1.3, Figure-1.3a).
Table-1.3
Disabled Population and Percentage by Types of Disability India - 2011
|
Seeing |
Hearing |
Speech |
Movement |
Mental Retardation |
Mental Illness |
Multiple Disability |
Any Other |
|
5,032,463 |
5,071,007 |
1,998,535 |
5,436,604 |
1,505,624 |
722,826 |
2,116,487 |
4,927,011 |
|
18.8 % |
18.9% |
7.5% |
20.3% |
5.6% |
2.7% |
7.9% |
18.4% |
Figure-1.3a
Percentage Distribution by Types of Disabilities Census – 2011
The Census 2011 revealed that, “Disabled population in Uttar Pradesh is 4,157,514 ( Male – 23,64,171 ; Female – 17,93,343 (Table-1.4, Figure-1.4a).Among them adolescent disabled population aged 10 – 19 is 9,053,94 ( Male – 5,125,95; Female –3,927,99), which is 21.77 percent of the whole disabled population (Figure-1.4b).
Table-1.4
|
Total Disabled Population in Uttar Pradesh-2011 |
|||
|
Uttar Pradesh |
Total Disabled Population |
Males |
Females |
|
Total Disabled Population |
4,157,514 |
2,364,171 |
1,793,343 |
As Figure-1.4a Displaying the Total Disabled Population.
Figure-1.4b
Total Disabled Population aged 10-19 years in Uttar Pradesh-2011
1.2 DISABILITY
1.2.1 Definition Provided by World Health Organization
Disability is a general term which consists of the impairments, restrictions and participation limitations. Disability is basically an issue in the function or structure of the body or an action- restriction identified by the people in operating a mission or activity, or participation- limitation being observed by the people indulging in the life situations. Impairment is not only a wellbeing issue, but rather a complicated issue that reflects the communication among the characteristics of an individual and the community to which an individual belongs, as reported by World Health Organization Disabilities.
1.2.2 Types of Disability
There are broadly eight types of disabilities, according to census-2011. They are as follows-
Table : 1.5
|
Type of Disability |
Definition |
|
In Seeing |
1. ‘Cannot see at all; or’ 2. ‘Has no perception of light even with the help of spectacles; or ’ 3. “Has perception of light but has blurred vision even after using spectacles, contact lenses etc. A simple test is whether the person can count the fingers of hand from a distance of 10 feet in good daylight. Such persons can however, move independently with the help of remaining sight; or” 4. ‘Can see light but cannot see properly to move about independently; or’ 5. “Has blurred vision but had no occasion to test if her/his eyesight would improve after taking corrective measures.” 6. ‘One-eyed person not to be considered as disabled in Seeing’ |
|
In Hearing |
1. “Cannot hear at all; or” 2. “Has difficulty in hearing day-to-day conversational speech (hard of hearing); or” 3. ‘If she/he is using a hearing aid.’ 4. ‘Hearing problem in one ear not to be considered as having hearing disability.’ |
|
In Speech |
1. ‘Can not speak at all or she/he is unable to speak normally on account of certain difficulties linked to speech disorder; or’ 2. ‘Able to speak in single words only and is not able to speak in sentences; or’ 3. ‘Stammers to such an extent that the speech is not comprehensible.’ |
|
In Movement |
1. ‘Do not have both arms or both legs; or’ 2. ‘Are paralysed and are unable to move but crawl; or’ 3. ‘Are able to move only with the help of walking aids; or’ 4. ‘Have acute and permanent problems of joints/muscles that have resulted in limited movement; or’ 5. ‘Have lost all the fingers or toes or a thumb; or’ 6. ‘Are not able to move or pick up any small thing placed nearby; or’ 7. ‘Have stiffness or tightness in movement; or’ 8. ‘Have difficulty in balancing and coordinating body movements; or’ 9. ‘Have loss of sensation in the body due to paralysis or leprosy or any other reason; or’ 10. ‘Have any deformity of the body part/s like having a hunch back; or’ 11. ‘Very short statured (dwarf)’. |
|
In Mental Retardation |
1. ‘Lacks understanding/comprehension as compared to her/his own age group; or’ 2. ‘Is unable to communicate her/his needs when compared to other persons of her/his age group; or 3. ‘Has difficulty in doing daily activities; or’ 4. ‘Has difficulty in understanding routine instructions; or’ 5. ‘Has extreme difficulty in making decisions, remembering things or solving problems’. |
|
In Mental Illness |
1. ‘Is taking medicines or other treatment for mental illness; or’ 2. ‘Exhibits unnecessary and excessive worry and anxiety; or’ 3. ‘Exhibits repetitive (obsessive-compulsive) behaviour/thoughts; or’ 4. ‘Exhibits sustained changes of mood or mood swings (joy and sadness); or’ 5. ‘Has unusual experiences - such as hearing voices, seeing visions, experience of strange smells or sensations or strange taste; or’ 6. ‘Exhibits unusual behaviours like talking/laughing to self, staring in space; or’ 7. ‘Has difficulty in social interactions and adoptability’. |
|
Multiple Disability |
1. ‘Multiple Disabilities means a combination of two or more specific type of disabilities’. 2. ‘The question has been designed to record a combination of maximum three types of disabilities’. |
|
Any Other |
1. ‘If the person has a disability other than the categories mentioned above; or’ 2. ‘The respondent fails to report the exact type of the disability; or’ 3. ‘Disabilities like “Autism” etc. (Difficulty in communicating, interacting with others; unusual & repetitive behaviours etc)’. |
( Source : - https://socialjustice.nic.in )
1.2.3 The Right of Persons with Disabilities Bill, 2016:
The definition of disability has been changed as per the evolving and dynamic concept. Initially there were 7 types of disabilities but presently it has been increased from 7 to 21 which may be increase in numbers in future ( Press Information Bureau, 16 December,2016 ).
1.2.4 Types of Disabilities as per Bill 2016
1“Blindness”
2 “Low-vision”
3 “Leprosy cured person”
4 “Hearing impairment (Deaf and hard of hearing)”
5 “Locomotor Disability”
6 “Dwarfism”
7 “Intellectual Disability”
8 “Mental Illness”
9 “Autism Spectrum Disorder”
10 “Cerebral Palsy”
11 “Muscular Dystrophy”
12 “Chronic Neurological conditions”
13 “Specific learning Disability”
14 “Multiple Sclerosis”
15 “Speech and Language Disability”
16 “Thalassemia”
17 “Hemophilia”
18 “Sickle cell disease”
19 “Multiple Disabilities including deaf blindness”
20 “Acid Attack victim”
21 “Parkinson's disease”